Alexander Berry
Born	September 30, 1781(1781-09-30) Fife, Scotland
Died	November 30, 1873 (aged 92) Crows Nest House. New South Wales
Nationality	Scottish
Known for	Pioneering Australian merchant and landowner

Alexander Berry (30 November 1781 – 17 September 1873) was a Scottish-born surgeon, merchant and explorer who in 1822 was given a land grant of 10,000 acres (40 km²) and 100 convicts to establish the first European settlement on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia.

This settlement became known as the Coolangatta Estate and later developed into what is now the town of Berry, named in honour of Alexander and his brother David.

Contents 1 Early life 2 The Boyd massacre 3 Shipwreck of the City of Edinburgh 4 Settlement in New South Wales 5 Dispute with Francis Shortt 6 Politics 7 Other interests 8 Reminiscences 9 Legacy 10 References 11 External links

[edit] Early life

Berry was born, to parents James and Isabel, at Hilltarvit Mains farmhouse, near Cupar in Fife, Scotland during a blinding snowstorm on the evening of 30 November 1781 (St Andrew's Day). ^[1] He was one of nine siblings.

He was educated at Cupar Grammar school, where he was a contemporary of the artist Sir David Wilkie, and studied medicine at St Andrews University and the University of Edinburgh. His youthful intentions were to join the navy, but he was dissuaded from doing so by his father, and he became a surgeon's mate for the East India Company. ^[1]

At the time ship's surgeons were permitted an allowed tonnage of cargo, so his responsibilities were both medical and mercantile. Berry did not make a substantial investment in his first trip to China, but profited well from a investment he made on his second trip to India aboard the Lord Hawkesbury. ^[2]

He decided to quit the medical profession. He hated the whippings he was obliged to attend, and he was attracted to the commercial possibilities of shipping. ^[3]

His third voyage was to the Cape of Good Hope, and on arrival there in 1806 he heard that the colony of New South Wales was in need of provisions. He purchased a ship, City of Edinburgh, with partner Francis Shortt, a fellow medical student. He journeyed aboard the ship as supercargo. On his journey there with provisions he encountered storms which damaged his ship. He stopped a Port Dalrymple, close to the modern day Launceston. He sold half his provisions there to a colony that he found in dire need of them. He heard of the requirement for provisions in Hobart and proceeded there and sold the other half. He then continued to Sydney and arrived on 13 January 1808 ^[4] with only spirits remaining to sell. ^[5]

There was no cargo available to take from Sydney back to the Cape, so he accepted a government job to evacuate settlers from Norfolk Island to Hobart as part of the removal of that colony. His payment was promised in timber to take back to the Cape, but it was not available, and he did not wish to accept £2000 offered instead. He consequently decided to go to Fiji to load a cargo of sandalwood. Governor Bligh requested that en route he return Motara, the son of Tippahee to New Zealand. Motara was a Māori who was returning after visiting London. Berry also wished to obtain spars for his ship. ^[6] Berry obtained a cargo of sandalwood in Fiji, and then returned to New Zealand for more cargo. ^[7]

[edit] The Boyd massacre

In 1809, while the vessel was loading cargo at the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, news came through of the massacre of the crew and passengers of the ship Boyd by local Māori. The ship, with Berry, set sail for Whangaroa where he played a significant role in the aftermath of the massacre, rescuing four survivors and the ship's papers.

He captured, but later released the two chiefs he identified as responsible for the deaths in return for the release of captives and the ship's papers. He wrote in a letter to Governor Macquarie that he released them as "there was no opportunity of sending the chiefs to Port Jackson".^[8] He wrote in the Edinburgh Magazine that he had released them on condition that they lose their rank with their people, although he never expected this to be complied with.^[9]

[edit] Shipwreck of the City of Edinburgh

Berry sailed eastwards from New Zealand with his cargo to the Cape of Good Hope, however a broken rudder forced him to make repairs in Valparaiso, and then travel to Lima. ^[10] He found a buyer for his cargo, and secured another cargo from Guayaquil for Cadiz and began the journey in 1811. After calling in at Rio de Janeiro Berry was forced to abandon the City of Edinburgh during storms near the Azores. He made his way to Lisbon, Portugal. It was on the trip from Lisbon to Cádiz that he met Edward Wollstonecraft.^{[3] [11]}

Wollstonecraft proceeded to London as Berry's agent, and Berry remained for a time in Cádiz before also proceeding to London.

[edit] Settlement in New South Wales

Berry set up a partnership with Wollstonecraft (Berry and Wollstonecraft) and sailed to Sydney, Australia in 1819. Berry sailed as supercargo aboard the 'Admiral Cockburn', leaving England January 1819, and arriving in Sydney in July. "Ship News". The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser: p. 2. 31 July 1819. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2178847.  He was shortly followed by Wollstonecraft aboard the Canada. They set up as merchants on George St, in The Rocks area. Berry began to plan a trip to England to expand their commercial connections there.^[3]. He returned to England with the Admiral Cockburn in February 1820. ^[12] Wollstonecraft obtained a land grant on Sydney's North Shore in Berry's absence.

Berry chartered the Royal George and returned to Sydney in November 1821 with an "extensive assortment of merchandise" for sale at their George St store, ^{[13] [14]} as well as the new Governor, Thomas Brisbane, as a passenger on board.

Berry began to seek out and negotiate for a larger land grant.

In January and February 1822 Berry went with Hamilton Hume and Lieutenant Robert Johnson on a journey of exploration down the coast of New South Wales aboard the Snapper. During the journey he investigated the land in Shoalhaven area. ^[15]

In June 1822, Berry and Woolstonecraft purchased a small cutter, the Blanch, and Berry returned to the Shoalhaven with Hume and assigned servants (convicts) to develop his land grant there. ^[15]

While attempting to cross the bar into the river in a small boat, two people drowned, including Davidson, who was the boy that Berry had rescued from the 'Boyd'. ^[5] Given the danger, Berry arranged to drag the Blanch across a sand bar that separated the Shoalhaven River from the Crookhaven River, with the Crookhaven entrance offering a safer passage. Hume then oversaw the digging of a canal through the bar using only hand tools, and constructing the first land navigable canal in Australia.

The partnership was granted 10,000 acres there by Governor Brisbane on condition of providing for 100 convicts (1 per 100 acres of the grand). Berry set up the Coolangatta Estate while Wollstonecraft stayed in Sydney to look after business there. Berry later secured two additional land grands of 4,000 acres each. Together with purchases, the size of the estate grew to 32,000 acres in the early 1840s.^[16]

Elizabeth Wollstonecraft, the sister of Edward Wollstonecraft, migrated to New South Wales and was married to Berry on 21 September 1827. ^[17]

His partner, Edward Wollstonecraft, died in 1832. ^[18] , with the entire Coolangatta estate passing to Alexander Berry.^[19] Berry then shut the George St stores, and spent most of his time running the Coolangatta Estate. Three of his brothers (David, John and William) and two sisters (Janet and Agnes) migrated to Coolangatta in 1836, allowing Alexander to spend more time in Sydney. David and John managed the estate jointly, and David alone following John's death in 1848.^[19]

Alexander's wife, Elizabeth, died in 1845 aged 63, at the Priory; a house owned by George Barney, on what was part of the Crow's Nest estate, where they were living at the time. ^[20]

Crow's Nest House was completed in 1850 and Alexander Berry lived there until his death.

[edit] Dispute with Francis Shortt

Francis Shortt was Berry's partner in the City of Edinburgh at the Cape of Good Hope. He arrived in New South Wales in 1822 claiming that the partnership with Berry had not been dissolved, and that the partnership with Wollstonecraft was invalid. He claimed Berry had never made an account to him of the profits of the cargo of the City of Edinburgh. ^[21] Shortt had been declared insolvent at the Cape of Good Hope before coming to Sydney. His obituary stating that he had depended on friends for necessaries of life.

Shortt died in 1828 before the case was settled. ^[22]

[edit] Politics

Berry was an appointed member of the Legislative Council from 1829 to 1861.^[23] He was a conservative, opposing moves towards democracy, and local government. ^[3] He refused to pay rates on his Shoalhaven Estate after the incorporation of a Shoalhaven Municipality, arguing that his property should not form part of the local government area. He was successful in the Supreme Court and in Privy Council appeal brought by the Municipality. ^[24]

[edit] Other interests

Berry was a member of the Philosophical Society in 1821 and a councillor on the Australian Philosophical Society. He was interested in aborigines and geology, publishing a paper "On the Geology of Part of the Coast of New South Wales"^[25].

[edit] Reminiscences

Berry's memoirs were published in 1912, entitled 'Reminiscences'. They chiefly describe his experiences at sea, both with the East India company and his private travels, with only a short section covering his life in New South Wales. In particular he describes in detail his relationships with the indigenous people of New Zealand and Fiji, and his experiences during the rescue at the scene of the Boyd massacre.

[edit] Legacy

Alexander Berry died on 30 November 1873 at Crows Nest House. He was buried in family vault in St. Thomas' cemetery with his wife and Edward Wollstonecraft. The cemetery is now known as St Thomas Rest Park, and the graves are still present.^[26]

The probate value of the estate he created was £1,252,975 sterling; an enormous sum in that day. The estate passed to his brother David, 14 years his junior. He had no children. Charles Nicholson wrote in a letter to The Times in 1889 that Berry had prepared a will to bequeath the greater part of his estate to the University of St Andrews, but died a few hours before the time appointed to sign it. ^[27]

David Berry in his will fulfilled Alexander's desire by making a bequeath to the University of St. Andrews in Scotland of £100,000.^{[15] [19]} In 1889 St Andrews used the £100,000 legacy to establish the Berry Chair of English Literature, which still continues today.^[28]

Berry was possibly Australia's first millionaire, and founder of the dairy industry in New South Wales.

The New South Wales South Coast town of Berry was named after the brothers after their death.

Berry Island, near the present day suburb of Wollstonecraft, and originally part of the Wollstonecraft estate was named after Alexander Berry.^[29]. Berry Street in North Sydney and Alexander Street in Crows Nest are both named after him.^[30]

Berry's Canal, the small canal that was constructed under direction of Alexander Berry at the Coolangatta Estate to link the Shoalhaven River and the Crookhaven River now forms the main Shoalhaven River estuary, with the former entrance to the Shoalhaven River at Shoalhaven Heads usually closed to the ocean, except during floods.^[31]

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Aboriginal labour on the Coolangatta Estate
• Australian Canal Society recognises Berry's Canal as the first Australian Canal
• Obituary of Francis Shortt, Berry's partner in the City of Edinburgh