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A ground-handling tug pulls a British Airways Boeing 747-400 at London Heathrow Airport, England

In aviation, aircraft ground handling defines the servicing of an aircraft while it is on the ground and (usually) parked at a terminal gate of an airport.

[edit] Overview

Many airlines subcontract ground handling to an airport or a handling agent, or even to another airline. Ground handling addresses the many service requirements of a passenger aircraft between the time it arrives at a terminal gate and the time it departs on its next flight. Speed, efficiency, and accuracy are important in ground handling services in order to minimize the turnaround time (the time during which the aircraft must remain parked at the gate).

Airlines with less-frequent service or fewer resources at a particular location sometimes subcontract ground handling or on-call aircraft maintenance to another airline, as it is a short-term cheaper alternative to setting up its own ground handling or maintenance capabilities.

Airlines may participate in an industry-standard Mutual Assistance Ground Service Agreement (MAGSA). The MAGSA is published by the Air Transport Association (the current version is from 1981) and is used by airlines to assess prices for maintenance and support to aircraft at so-called MAGSA Rates, which are updated annually based on changes in the U.S. Producer Price Index. Airlines may also contract for ground handling services under the terms of a Standard Ground Handling Agreement (SGHA) that is updated and re-published from time to time by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the current version is from January 2008. Airlines may also contract for ground handling services under non-standard terms.

Most ground services are not directly related to the actual flying of the aircraft, and instead involve other tasks. The major categories of ground handling services are described below.

[edit] Cabin service

These services ensure passenger comfort. They include such tasks as cleaning the passenger cabin and replenishment of on-board consumables or washable items such as soap, pillows, tissues, blankets, etc.

[edit] Catering

Catering includes the unloading of unused food and drink from the aircraft, and the loading of fresh food and drink for passengers and crew. Airline meals are typically delivered in trolleys. The empty or trash-filled trolley(s) from the previous flight is replaced by a fresh one. Meals are prepared mostly on the ground in order to minimize the amount of preparation (apart from chilling or reheating) required in the air.

The following companies are some, which airline parent company's own, have owned, or have outsourced and divested, but still continue to provide airline catering to the world's airlines.

• Cara Operations
• Cathay Pacific's Cathay Pacific Catering Services
• Gate Gourmet
• LSG Sky Chefs
• Servair
• American Airlines
• United Airlines

[edit] Ramp service

Luggage downloading.

Passengers waiting on the Delhi domestic airport tarmac for gate-checked luggage.

A British Airways aircraft being refueled.

Pushback tractor and a ground power unit.

Lavatory drainage.

This includes services on the ramp or apron, such as:

• Guiding the aircraft into and out of the parking position (by way of Aircraft marshalling),
• Towing with pushback tractors
• Lavatory drainage
• Water cartage (to refill fresh water tanks)
• Air conditioning (more common for smaller aircraft)
• Airstart units (for starting engines)
• Luggage handling, usually by means of beltloaders and baggage carts
• Gate checked luggage, often handled on the tarmac as passengers deplane
• Air cargo handling, usually by means of cargo dollies, and cargo loaders
• Catering trucks
• Refueling, which may be done with a refueling tanker truck or refuelling pumper
• Ground power (so that engines need not be running to provide aircraft power on the ground)
• Passenger stairs (used instead of an aerobridge or airstairs, some budget airlines use both to improve turnaround speed)
• Wheelchair lifts, if required
• Hydraulic mules (units that provide hydraulic power to an aircraft externally)
• Deicing

[edit] Passenger service

This includes services inside the airport terminal such as:

• Providing check-in counter services for the passengers departing on the customer airlines.
• Providing Gate arrival and departure services. The agents are required to meet a flight on arrival as well as provide departure services including boarding passengers, closing the flight, etc.
• Staffing the Transfer Counters, Customer Service Counters, Airline Lounges, etc.

[edit] Field Operation Service

This service dispatches the aircraft, maintains communication with the rest of the airline operation at the airport and with Air Traffic Control.

Yemen Ground Handling Company

[edit] List of handling agents

• Airport Terminal Services
• ANA Ground Services
• Aurigny Air Services
• Aviapartner
• Alitalia Airport
• ASIG - Aircraft Service International Group
• Aviance
• Big Orange Handling Company
• Cara Operations
• Farnair Handling
• Gate Gourmet
• Goldair Handling SA
• JAL Ground Services
• Jardine Airport Services Limited (JASL)
• Jardine Air Terminal Services Limited (JATS)
• Hong Kong Airport Services Limited (HAS)
• Kion de Mexico
• Jet Aviation
• LSG Sky Chefs
• Menzies Aviation
• Piedmont Airlines
• Plane Handling
• PrimeFlight Aviation Services
• Private Wings Aircraft Services
• QuickFlight Aviation Services
• Quantem Aviation Services
• SAS Ground Services
• SAPS Shaheen Airport Services
• Servair
• Streamline OPS
• Servisair
• SheltAir Aviation Services
• Swissport
• Universal Weather and Aviation, Inc.
• WingTips Airport Services
• Egyptair for ground services
• PT. Gapura Angkasa Indonesia Airport Services
• Bahrain Airport Services (Ahmed Sayed)

[edit] See also

• Aircraft maintenance
• Ground support equipment
• Pushback
• Visual Guidance Docking Systems (VGDS)

[edit] External links

• IATA Ground Handling Council