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ADME is an acronym in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, and describes the disposition of a pharmaceutical compound within an organism. The four criteria all influence the drug levels and kinetics of drug exposure to the tissues and hence influence the performance and pharmacological activity of the compound as a drug.

[edit] Criteria

[edit] Absorption/Administration

For a compound to reach a tissue, it usually must be taken into the bloodstream - often via mucous surfaces like the digestive tract (intestinal absorption) - before being taken up by the target cells. This can be a serious problem at some natural barriers like the blood-brain barrier. Factors such as poor compound solubility, chemical instability in the stomach, and inability to permeate the intestinal wall can all reduce the extent to which a drug is absorbed after oral administration. Absorption critically determines the compound's bioavailability. Drugs that absorb poorly when taken orally must be administered in some less desirable way, like intravenously or by inhalation (e.g. zanamivir).

[edit] Distribution

The compound needs to be carried to its effector site, most often via the bloodstream. From there, the compound may distribute into tissues and organs, usually to differing extents.After entry into the systemic circulation ,either by intrascular injection or by absorption from any of the various extracellular sites the drug is subjected to a number of process called as disstibution process that tend to lower its plasma concentration. Distribution is defined as the reversible transfer of a drug between one compartment to another.

[edit] Metabolism

Compounds begin to break down as soon as they enter the body. The majority of small-molecule drug metabolism is carried out in the liver by redox enzymes, termed cytochrome P450 enzymes. As metabolism occurs, the initial (parent) compound is converted to new compounds called metabolites. When metabolites are pharmacologically inert, metabolism deactivates the administered dose of parent drug and this usually reduces the effects on the body. Metabolites may also be pharmacologically active, sometimes more so than the parent drug.

[edit] Excretion/Elimination

Compounds and their metabolites need to be removed from the body via excretion, usually through the kidneys (urine) or in the feces. Unless excretion is complete, accumulation of foreign substances can adversely affect normal metabolism.

There are three sites where drug excretion occurs. The kidney is the most important site and it is where products are excreted through urine. Biliary excretion or faecal excretion is the process that initiates in the liver and passes through to the gut until the products are finally excreted along with waste products or faeces. The last method of excretion is through the lungs e.g. anaesthetic gases.

Excretion of drugs by the kidney involves 3 main mechanisms:

Glomerular filtration of unbound drug.
Active secretion of (free & protein-bound) drug by transporters e.g. anions such as urate, penicillin, glucuronide, sulphate conjugates) or cations such as choline, histamine.
Filtrate 100-fold concentrated in tubules for a favourable concentration gradient so that it may be reabsorbed by passive diffusion and passed out through the urine.

[edit] Toxicity

Sometimes, the potential or real toxicity of the compound is taken into account (ADME-Tox or ADMET). When the Liberation of the substance (from protective coating, or other excipients) is considered, we speak of LADME.

Computational chemists try to predict the ADME-Tox qualities of compounds through methods like QSPR or QSAR.

The route of administration critically influences ADME.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

S.K. Balani; G.T. Miwa; L.S. Gan; J.T. Wu; F.W. Lee (2005). "Strategy of utilizing in vitro and in vivo ADME tools for lead optimization and drug candidate selection". Curr Top Med Chem 5 (11): 1033–8. doi:10.2174/156802605774297038.
Singh S.S. (2006). "Preclinical pharmacokinetics: an approach towards safer and efficacious drugs". Curr Drug Metab 7 (2): 165–82. doi:10.2174/138920006775541552.
Tetko IV, Bruneau P, Mewes HW, Rohrer DC, Poda GI. (2006). "Can we estimate the accuracy of ADME-Tox predictions?," (pre-print). Drug Discov Today 11 (15-16): 700–7. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2006.06.013. http://www.vcclab.org/~itetko/DDT.pdf.

[edit] External links

PubPK The Complete Pharmacokinetic Database
[1] The Emerging Role of A.D.M.E. in Optimizing Drug Discovery and Design]
[2] ADMETRx - Consulting and Experimental In Vitro ADME

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