This a list of the supply voltages used or have been used for tramway and railway electrification systems. Note the voltages are nominal, and vary depending on load and distance from the substation. Many modern trams and trains use on board solid state electronics to convert these supplies to run three-phase AC Voltage motors. [edit] Key to the tables below - Conductors:
- overhead line or
- conductor rail, usually a third rail to one side of the running rails
- Conductor rail can be:
- top contact: oldest, least safe, affected by ice, snow and leaves
- side contact: newer, safer, less affected by ice, snow and leaves
- bottom contact: newer, safer, least affected by ice, snow and leaves
[edit] Systems using standard voltages Voltages are defined by two standards: BS EN 50163 and IEC 60850 [edit] 500 V DC overhead [edit] 550 V DC overhead [edit] 600 V DC overhead This voltage is mostly used by older tram systems worldwide but by a few new ones as well. | Country | Name of System | Location | Notes |  Australia | | Adelaide | | | | Melbourne | |  Canada | Calgary Transit C-Train | Calgary | | | Edmonton Transit LRT | Edmonton | | | Toronto Transit Commission | Toronto | Streetcars only |  Finland | | Helsinki | |  Estonia | | Tallinn | |  Germany | Stadtwerke Augsburg Verkehrsbetriebe | Augsburg | Tram |  Japan | Most tram lines | | | | Chōshi Electric Railway | Chōshi, Chiba | | | Eizan Electric Railway | Kyoto, Kyoto | | | Enoshima Electric Railway | Kanagawa | | | Iyotetsu Takahama Line | Matsuyama, Ehime | | | Shizuoka Railway | Shizuoka, Shizuoka | | | Tokyu Setagaya Line | Tokyo | | | Wakayama Electric Railway Kishigawa Line | Wakayama | |  Netherlands | Amsterdam Tram | Amsterdam | Including line 51 south of Station Zuid |  Poland | EKD/WKD Warszawa plus Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Milanówek, Podkowa Leśna and Pruszków | Warszawa | | | Suburban trams in Łódź (Lodz) plus Konstantynów Łódzki, Lutomiersk, Ozorków, Pabianice and Zgierz | Łódź | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (Metre gauge) |  Slovakia | Trencianske Teplice | | 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (Metre gauge) |  United States | MBTA | Boston | For Boston's MBTA, the entire MBTA Green Line streetcar system, and the part of the MBTA Blue line northeast of Airport Station. | | RTA Rapid Transit | Cleveland, Ohio | Light rail portion (Blue and Green Lines). | | San Diego Electric Railway & San Diego Trolley | San Diego | The San Diego Electric Railway is defunct, and is succeeded by the San Diego Trolley. | | San Francisco Muni | San Francisco | | [edit] 600 V DC conductor rail All third rail unless stated otherwise.
Used by most older US subways. [edit] 750 V DC overhead This voltage is used for most modern tram systems. | Country | Name of System | Location | Notes |  Argentina | PreMetro line E2 | Buenos Aires | | | Australia | Sydney Light Rail | Sydney | |  Austria | Local lines of Stern & Hafferl | | Also listed as having 1500 and 600 V lines | | Germany | Albtalbahn | Rhein-Haardtbahn | Railway of the Upper Rhine | | Tram-Train Cologne-Bonn | Frechen, Cologne, Brühl, Wesseling, Bornheim, Alfter, Bonn, St. Augustin, Siegburg, Königswinter, Bad Honnef | Both lines between Cologne and Bonn originally electrified at 1200 V, one was 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (metre gauge) |  Hong Kong | Light Rail (MTR) | Hong Kong | | | Australia | Sydney Light Rail | Sydney | |  Ireland | LUAS | Dublin | | | Japan | Enshū Railway | Hamamatsu, Shizuoka | | | Hakone Tozan Railway Line | Hakone, Kanagawa | Between Hakone-Yumoto and Gōra. | | Iyotetsu Yokogawara Line and Gunchū Line | Ehime | | | Kintetsu Utsube Line, Hachiōji Line | Yokkaichi, Mie | | | Sangi Railway Hokusei Line | Mie | |  Norway | Oslo T-bane | Oslo | Holmenkollbanen only |  Sweden | Saltsjöbanan | Stockholm | Originally 1500 V (1912), changed to
750 V in 1976 with new rolling stock | | Gothenburg tram | Göteborg | |  Turkey | Eskişehir Tramway System | | |  United Kingdom | Manchester Metrolink | Manchester | | | Sheffield Supertram | Sheffield | | | Midland Metro | Birmingham to Wolverhampton | | | Tramlink | South London | | | United States | Lynx Rapid Transit | Charlotte, North Carolina | Light rail | | Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) | Dallas, TX and adjacent suburbs | Light rail | | Denver Regional Transportation District (RTD) | Denver, Colorado | Light rail portion | | Twin City Rapid Transit | Minneapolis/Saint Paul | Defunct (Voltage?) | | Hiawatha Line | Minneapolis only | Light rail. In use | | Central Corridor (Minnesota) | Minneapolis/Saint Paul | Projected light rail | | MAX, TriMet | Portland, Oregon | Light rail | | Portland Streetcar | Portland, Oregon | Tram/streetcar | | Sacramento Regional Transit (RT) | Sacramento, California | Light rail | | Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (SCVTA) | San Jose, California | Light rail | | TRAX Light Rail | Salt Lake City, Utah | Light rail | | South Lake Union Streetcar | Seattle, Washington | Tram/streetcar | -
[edit] 750 V DC conductor rail All third rail unless stated otherwise. | Type | Country | Name of System | Location | Notes | | | Austria | Vienna U-Bahn | Vienna | | | Bottom Contact |  Brazil | São Paulo Metro | São Paulo | Except lines 4 and 5 | |  Bulgaria | Sofia Metro | Sofia | | Side Contact | Canada | Montreal Metro | Montreal | (Guide bars, see DC, four-rail below) | | |  China | Beijing | Beijing Subway | | | | Tianjin | Tianjin Metro | | | Bottom Contact |  Czech Republic | Prague Metro | Prague | | | |  Denmark | Copenhagen Metro | Copenhagen | | | Bottom Contact | Finland | Helsinki Metro | Helsinki | | | (Top Contact ?) |  France | Paris Métro (conventional metro) | Paris | | | Side Contact | Paris Métro (rubber tired) | Positive (and sometimes negative) polarity on guide bars, see DC, four-rail below | | Lyon Métro | Lyon | | Marseille Métro | Marseille | | Lille Métro | Lille | | Rennes Métro | Rennes | | Toulouse Métro | Toulouse | | | Germany | Berlin U-Bahn | Berlin | | | | Munich U-Bahn | Munich | | | | Nuremberg U-Bahn | Nuremberg | | | | Hamburg U-Bahn | Hamburg | | | |  Greece | Athens Metro | Athens | | | | ISAP | Athens | Was 600 V before 1985 | | |  Hungary | Budapest Metro | Budapest | | | Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover | Hong Kong | Hong Kong International Airport | Hong Kong | | | |  India | Kolkata Metro | Kolkata (Calcutta) | | | | Japan | Most lines of Osaka Municipal Subway | Osaka, Osaka | | | | Kintetsu Keihanna Line | Osaka, Osaka
Ikoma, Nara
Nara, Nara | | | | Sapporo Municipal Subway Namboku Line | Sapporo, Hokkaido | | | | Yokohama Municipal Subway | Yokohama, Kanagawa | | | | Netherlands | Amsterdam Metro | Amsterdam | Including line 51 north of Station Zuid | | | Norway | Oslo T-bane | Oslo | | | Bottom contact | Poland | Warsaw Metro | Warsaw | | | |  Portugal | Lisbon Metro | Lisbon | | | |  Puerto Rico | Tren Urbano | San Juan | | | |  North Korea | Pyongyang Metro | Pyongyang, North Korea | Based of fleet of cars from Beijing and Germany | | |  Romania | Bucharest Metro | Bucharest | | | |  Russia | | | Undergrounds and metros. | | |  Singapore | Mass Rapid Transit | Singapore | North South Line, East West Line and Circle Line, operated by SMRT Corporation | | |  Taiwan | Rapid Transit | Taipei | Green, Orange, Red, Blue Lines | | Bottom Contact |  Thailand | BTS Skytrain | Bangkok | | | Bangkok Metro | | | |  Ukraine | Kyiv Metro | Kyiv | | | | Kharkiv Metro | Kharkiv | | | | Donetsk Metro | Donetsk | There is currently a metro system under construction in Donetsk, with the first stage totaling 6 stations to open by 2012 | | | Dnipropetrovs'k Metro | Dnipropetrovs'k | Dnipropetrovsk metro system, opened in 1995, which consists of one line and 6 stations. | | Bottom Contact | United Kingdom | Docklands Light Railway | London | | Top Contact | Southern Region of British Railways
and successors | Southern England | 660 V system upgraded and expanded | | Merseyrail | Liverpool | | | LNWR Suburban Network | London | Formerly four-rail out of Euston and Broad Street, curtailed, upgraded and standardised | | Northern City Line | London | Access to City (Moorgate) | | Top Contact | United States | Washington Metro | Washington, DC | | | Top Contact | Long Island Rail Road | New York City | | | | Las Vegas Monorail | Las Vegas, Nevada | |
[edit] 1500 V DC overhead | Country | Name of System | Location | Notes | | Argentina | Buenos Aires Metro | Buenos Aires | Lines C,D,E and H | | Tren de la Costa | Buenos Aires | Suburban line | | Australia | CityRail | Sydney | | | Melbourne Suburban Railways | Melbourne | | | Brazil | São Paulo Metro | São Paulo | Lines 4 and 5 | | China | Shanghai Metro | Shanghai | | | Guangzhou Metro | Guangzhou | except Line 4 | | Shenzhen Metro | Shenzhen | | | Czech Republic | České dráhy (ČD) | | Tábor-Bechyně line only | | Denmark | Copenhagen S-train | Copenhagen | |  Dominican Republic | Santo Domingo Metro | Santo Domingo | | | France | Société Nationale des Chemins de fer (SNCF) | 25 kV AC used on new High Speed Lines (TGV) and in the north. | | Hong Kong SAR | Mass Transit Railway Corporation | Hong Kong | East Rail Line,West Rail Line,Ma On Shan Line are 25 kV AC | | India | Mumbai Suburban Railway | Mumbai | Being converted to 25 kV AC | | Ireland | Dublin Area Rapid Transit | Dublin | | | Japan | Japan Railways (JR) lines | | Most electrified lines in Kantō, Chūbu, Kansai, Chūgoku, and Shikoku. | | Most private railway lines | | | | Most subway lines | | | | Netherlands | Nederlandse Spoorwegen - Dutch Railways (NS) | 25 kV AC used on new High Speed Lines. |  New Zealand | Wellington Suburban | Wellington | | | Otira Tunnel | Arthur's Pass-Otira, Southern Alps, South Island | De-electrified 1997 | | Christchurch-Lyttelton | South Island | De-electrified 1970 | | Portugal | Cascais Line | | | | Singapore | Mass Rapid Transit | | North East Line, operated by SBS Transit |  South Korea | Seoul Subway | Seoul National Capital Area | except Korail Line 1, Line 4, Bundang
and Yongsan-Deokso Line
(See 25 kV 60 Hz,below). | | Incheon Subway | Incheon | | | Daegu Subway | Daegu | | | Busan Subway | Busan | | | Daejeon Subway | Daejeon | | | Gwangju Subway | Gwangju | | | Slovakia | Tatra Electric Railway | | |  Spain | Catalan Railways | | | | RENFE | | | | Euskotren | | | | FEVE | | |  Switzerland | Berner Oberland Bahn (BOB) | Interlaken | | | Schynige Platte Railway (SPB) | Interlaken | | | Wengernalpbahn (WAB)) | Interlaken | | | Chemin de fer Nyon-St-Cergue-Morez (NStCNM) | Vaud | Converted in 1980s from 2200 V DC | | Sweden | Roslagsbanan | Stockholm | | | Turkey | Bursa LRT | Bursa | | | United Kingdom | Tyne and Wear Metro | Newcastle | | | Manchester-Sheffield-Wath | Manchester to Sheffield | Operated 1949-1981. Suburban services in Manchester converted to 25 kV, 50 Hz AC as far as Hadfield (remainder abandoned) | | Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway | Manchester | Opened in 1931.
Converted to 25 kV 50 Hz AC in 1971 | | Great Eastern Main Line | London (Liverpool Street) to Shenfield (then Chelmsford) | Opened in 1949.
Converted to 6.25 kV 50 Hz AC in 1960 | | Shildon to Newport | County Durham | Industrial line. Operated 1915-1935. | | United States | Metra Electric District Service | Chicago | | | Chicago SouthShore and South Bend Railroad NICTD Line | Northern Indiana & Chicago | | | Central Link | Seattle | Light rail | [edit] 3 kV DC overhead | Country | Name of System | Location | Note |  Belgium | Belgium National Railways (SNCB) | 25 kV AC used on new High Speed Lines. | | Brazil | | | | | Canada | Deux-Montagnes Line | Montreal | Built by CNoR in 1918, converted to 25 kV AC/60 Hz in 1995 by AMT. |  Chile | | | | | Czech Republic | Czech Railways (ČD) | Northern lines only (around Prague, Most, Česká Třebová, Olomouc, Ostrava, along river Labe - Elbe) |  Italy | RFI - Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (Italian Railways Network) | 25 kV AC used on new High Speed Lines. |  Morocco | | | | | North Korea | | | National standard | | Poland | Polish State Railways (PKP) | Planned new High Speed Lines may use 25 kV AC | | Slovakia | Slovak Republic Railways (ZSR) | northern main line (connected to Czech Republic and Poland) and eastern lines (around Kosice and Presov), conversion to 25 kV AC planned, and the broad gauge line between Kosice and the Ukraine border (it will remain 3 kV) |  Slovenia | Slovenian Railways (SZ) | 25 kV AC also used |  South Africa | | | Also 25 kV | | Russian Federation | Russian Railways (RZD) | New electrification only 25 kV AC | | Spain | Spanish National Railways (RENFE) | 25 kV AC used on new High Speed Lines. | | Ukraine | Ukrainian Railways | In east (Donyeck industrial zone), in west (west from L'viv - Lenberg connecting to Slovakia and Poland), also 25 kV AC[1] | | United States | Morris & Essex Lines | New Jersey, lines towards New York City | By Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad in 1930 [2]. Converted to 25 kV 60 Hz by NJT in 1984 | [edit] 15 kV AC, 162⁄3 Hz overhead [edit] 25 kV AC, 50 Hz overhead | Country | Name of System | Location | Notes | | Australia | Queensland Rail, Citytrain | Brisbane, North Coast Line, Coalfields | Queensland | | Transperth | Perth | Western Australia | | Adelaide Metro | Adelaide | South Australia. To be electrified 2009-2018. |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | | | |  Botswana | | | Proposed line to Namibia | | Belgium | Belgium National Railways (NMBS/SNCB) | New High Speed Lines and the south of the country only | The rest of the network is 3 kV DC | | Bulgaria | Bulgarian State Railways BDZ | | | China | | | |  Congo | | | |  Croatia | Croatian Railways (HŽ) | | Smaller part 3 kV DC, being replaced with 25 kV AC | | Czech Republic | České dráhy (ČD) | | Southern lines only. (Around: Karlovy Vary, Cheb, Plzeň, České Budějovice, Tábor, Jihlava, Brno) | | Denmark | Banedanmark | Copenhagen-Odense-Germany and some more | The vast majority of the Banedanmark network is not electrified. | | Finland | Finnish Railways (VR) | | | France | French National Railways (SNCF) | | | Germany | Rübelandbahn | Harz | | | Greece | OSE | nationwide | National standard. Network electrification in progress. Currently operational on Thessaloniki-Eidomeni, Thessaloniki-Larissa and Ano Liosia-Athens Airport. | | Hungary | Hungarian State Railways (MÁV) | | | India | Indian Railways (IR) | | Large parts of Mumbai Division (Western and Central Railways) are 1500 V DC. | | Delhi Metro | Delhi | |  Iran | | | | | Italy | | | New high-speed lines only. | | Japan | JR East Tōhoku, Jōetsu, and Nagano Shinkansen | | 60 Hz in some areas, see 60 Hz overhead below. |  Lithuania | Lithuanian Railways (LG) | Naujoji Vilnia-Kaunas and Naujoji Vilnia-Trakai | Rest of the Lituanian Railways network is not electrified. No plans to electrify further lines. |  Macedonia | Macedonian Railways | | |  Malaysia | KTM Komuter Service | | |  Montenegro | Railways of Montenegro | Belgrade - Bar railway | Podgorica - Nikšić line currently under electrification |  Namibia | Proposed line to Botswana | | | | Netherlands | Used on new High Speed Lines and Freight Lines | 1.5 kV DC used on the rest of the network. | | New Zealand | North Island Main Trunk Railway | | Central North Island section, 411 km between Palmerston North and Hamilton) | | Portugal | Portuguese Railways (CP) | | | Romania | Romanian Railways (CFR) | |  Serbia | Serbian Railways | | | Slovakia | Slovak Republic Railways (ŽSR) | South-western lines only (around Bratislava, Kuty, Trencin, Trnava, Nove Zamky, Zvolen) and the entire network (except narrow gauge lines) to follow | | Spain | | | New high-speed lines only. | | South Africa | Transnet | | | | Russian Federation | Russian Railways (RZD) | | | Thailand | Suvarnabhumi Airport Link | Bangkok | | | Turkey | | | | | UK | Network Rail | Except Southern region and Merseyside | | Ukraine | Ukrainian Railways | In most of the west; also 3000 V DC in east. |  Zimbabwe | National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) | Gweru-Harare | De-energised in 2008 | [edit] 25 kV AC, 60 Hz overhead [edit] Conductor rail (Non-standard voltages) [edit] Overhead (Non-standard voltages) | Voltage | Current | Name of System | Location | Country | Notes | | 250 | DC | Chicago Tunnel Company | Chicago | USA | Operated 1906-1959 | | 500 | Many tram systems | | | | | 525 | Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen-Mürren | Lauterbrunnen | Switzerland | | | 550 | Snaefell Mountain Railway | Isle of Man | UK | | | 900 | Gruyere - Fribourg - Morat | Fribourg | Switzerland | | | Montreux-Oberland Bernois | Montreux | | | 1000 | Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn (SZU) | Zürich | Uetliberg branch only - uses an offset overhead line and pantograph to allow running on track shared with the AC-electrified Sihltal branch. | | Rhätische Bahn (RhB) | St Moritz - Tirano | | | Budapest HÉV) | Budapest | Hungary | | | 1100 | Buenos Aires Metro (Subterráneos de Buenos Aires) | Buenos Aires | Argentina | Only Line A (will be converted to 1500 V DC by 2008/09) | | 1200 | Barcelona Metro | Barcelona | Spain | Uses an overhead conductor rail/beam system. | | Sóller Railway | Palma - Sóller, Majorca | [5] | | Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Cuba | Havana - Santiago | Cuba | | | | Lusatian | Germany | 900 mm (2 ft 11+1⁄2 in) gauge mining railways in the brown coal district | | | | Estonia | (Elektriraudtee) 1924-1941 and 1946-1958 | | 1350 | FART | Domodossola-Locarno | Italy - Switzerland | | | 2400 | | Lausitzer | Germany | Work line of the Lausitzer Brown Coal AG company. | | Chemin de fer de La Mure | Grenoble | France | -1200 V, +1200 V two wire system from 1903-1950. 2400 V since 1950 [6] . | | 3500 | Bury - Holcombe Brook | Manchester | UK | Operated 1913-1918. | | 5500 | 16⅔ Hz | Ammergau Railway (German: Ammergaubahn) | Murnau | Germany | 1905-1955, after 1955 15 kV, 16.7 Hz | | 6000 | DC | | | Russia | Experiments in the late 1970s (3000 V lines) | | 6000 | 50 Hz | | | Germany | Factory railway of Rheinbraun AG | | 6250 | Great Eastern suburban lines | London | United Kingdom | Great Eastern suburban lines from Liverpool Street London, 1950s-c1980 (converted to 25 kV) | | 6300 | 25 Hz | Hamburg S-Bahn | Hamburg | Germany | Operated with AC 1907-1955. Used both AC and DC (1200 V 3rd rail) 1940-1955. | | 6500 | Mariazellerbahn | Sankt Pölten | Austria | | | 6600 | Thamshavnbanen | Orkdal | Norway | | | 8000 | Alb Valley Railway (German: Albtalbahn) | Karlsruhe | Germany | 1911-1966, today using 750 V DC | | 10 kV | Hofpleinlijn | The Hague - Rotterdam | Netherlands | From 1908, in 1926 converted to 1500 DC. In 2006 replaced by 750 V DC light rail | | 11 kV | 16⅔ Hz | Rhaetian Railway (RhB) | | Switzerland | | | Matterhorn-Gotthard-Bahn (MGB) | | Formerly Furka-Oberalp-Bahn (FOB) and BVZ Zermatt-Bahn | | 50 Hz | Mont Blanc Tramway | | France | | | 12.5 kV | 25 Hz | Northeast Corridor (NEC), Amtrak | Washington, DC - New York City | United States | | | Keystone Corridor, Amtrak | Harrisburg, PA to Philadelphia, PA | | | SEPTA | Philadelphia | Regional Rail system only | | New Jersey Transit North Jersey Coast Line | New Jersey | Only between Rahway and Aberdeen-Matawan | | 60 Hz | Metro-North Railroad | Pelham, NY-New Haven, CT | | | 20 kV | 50 Hz | Höllentalbahn | Freiburg | Germany | Operated 1933-1960. | | Most electrified JR/the third sector lines in Hokkaidō and Tōhoku | JR East, JR Hokkaidō, and others. | Japan | | | 60 Hz | Most electrified JR/the third sector lines in Kyūshū | JR Kyūshū and others | | | 50 kV | 50 Hz | Spoornet | Sishen - Saldanha | South Africa | Iron ore line | | 60 Hz | Black Mesa and Lake Powell | Arizona | USA | Coal line | | Tumbler Ridge Subdivision, BC Rail [7] | British Columbia | Canada | Coal and Timber in remote BC, from opening in 1983 until de-electrified 2000 using GMD GF6C. |
[edit] Overhead (three-phase) | Voltage | Current | Contact System | Name of System | Location | Country | Notes | | | | Three wire | Tagebau Gruhlwerk | | | Rack railway (0.7 km).
Operated 1927-1949 | | 725 | 50 Hz, Δ | Two wire | Gornergratbahn | Zermatt | Switzerland | Website | | 750 | 40 Hz, 3Ø | Two wire | Burgdorf-Thun Bahn | Burgdorf - Thun | Operated 1899-1933.
Converted to 15 kV, 16⅔ Hz in 1933. | | 800 | 60 Hz, 3Ø | | Corcovado Rack Railway | Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | | | 1125 | 50 Hz, 3Ø | Two wire | Jungfraubahn | Interlaken | Switzerland | Website | | 3000 | 15 Hz, 3Ø | | Valtellina Electrification | | Northern Italy | 1902-1917 | | 50 Hz, 3Ø | | Chemin de Fer de la Rhune | | France | | | 3000 | 16 Hz, 3Ø | Two wire | | Simplon Tunnel | Switzerland, Italy; | Simplon Bahn, 1906-1930 | | 3600 | 16⅔ Hz, 3Ø | Two wire | | | Italy | Operated 1912-1976 in Upper Italy (more info needed) | | | FS | Bologna - Porretta - Firenze | 1927-1935 | | 5200 | 25 Hz, 3Ø | | | Almeria - Gergal | Spain | 1911-1966? | | 10 kV | 45 Hz, 3Ø | Two wire | FS | Roma - Sulmona | Italy | 1929 - 1944 | | 50 Hz, 3Ø | Three wire | | Berlin - Lichtenhain | Germany | Test track (1.8 km).
Variable voltage and frequency.
Trial runs 1898-1901 | 14 kV
(See notes) | 38 Hz - 48 Hz
(See notes) | Three wire | | Zossen - Marienfelde | Test Track (23.4 km).
Trial runs 1901-1904
Variable voltage between 10 kV and 14 kV and frequency between 38 Hz and 48 Hz. |
[edit] Special or unusual types [edit] DC, plough collection from conductors in conduit below track [edit] DC, one ground-level conductor - Wolverhampton Corporation Tramways, England. (stud contact) (1902-1921)
[edit] DC, two ground-level conductors [edit] DC, two-wire - Greenwich, England. Previously used by trams when in the vicinity of Greenwich Observatory; separate from trolley-bus supply.
- Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Tram (streetcar) system used this arrangement throughout, probably due to legal constraints on ground return currents.
[edit] DC, power from running rails [edit] DC, four-rail [edit] See also [edit] References [edit] External links |
