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"2014 Olympics" redirects here. For the Summer Youth Olympics, see 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.
The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games, is an international winter multiple sports event that will be held from February 7 to February 23, 2014. The host city, Sochi, Russia, was elected on July 4, 2007, during the 119th International Olympic Committee (IOC) Session in Guatemala City, Guatemala.[1] This will be the first time that the Russian Federation will host the Winter Olympics; the Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Summer Games in Moscow.
[edit] VenuesThe Games will be organized within two clusters, a coastal cluster in Sochi and a mountain cluster in Krasnaya Polyana. [edit] Sochi Olympic Park The Sochi Olympic Park will be built along the Black Sea coast in the Imereti Lowland.[citation needed] All the venues listed below are new and need to be built. The venues will be clustered around a central water basin on which the Medals Plaza will be built. This will provide a great compactness of the concept with the Olympic Stadium and all indoor venues of the Olympics gathered within walking distance.
[edit] Krasnaya Polyana
[edit] Additional sportsSeveral sports applied for inclusion into the official sport program of these olympic games. The sports included: On November 28, 2006, the Executive Board of the IOC decided not to include these sports in the review process of the program. [2] The International Biathlon Union has formally applied to the IOC to have the event of mixed relay biathlon included in 2014 Games. The IOC will make a decision at the end of 2011. [3] [edit] Bid processMain article: Bids for the 2014 Winter Olympics
[edit] Organizing CommitteeThe Sochi 2014 Olympic Organizing Committee was established on October 2, 2007 by the Russian Olympic Committee, the Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sports, and the Administration of the City of Sochi.[4] [edit] Chief Executive Officer
[edit] Supervisory Board
[edit] Functions
[edit] ConstructionThe Olympic infrastructure is being constructed according to a Federal Target Programme (FTP). In June 2009 the Games organizers reported they are one year ahead in starting building the main Olympic facilities as compared to all of the latest Olympic Games.[5] [edit] TelecommunicationsAccording to the FTP, $580 million will be spent on construction and modernization of telecommunications in the region. Expected to be built:
During the Olympic Games, the telecommunications backbones of UTK, Rostelecom and TransTeleCom providers will be used.[6] The fiber-optic channel links Sochi between Adler and Krasnaya Polyana. The 46 km long channel will enable videoconferencing and news reporting from the Olympics.[7] [edit] Power infrastructureA five year strategy for increasing power supply in the Sochi region was presented by Russian energy experts during a seminar on May 29th, 2009, held by the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee, and attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) experts and officials from the Russian Ministry of Regional Development, the Russian Ministry of Energy, the State Corporation Olimpstroy and the Krasnodar Region’s administration.[8] The event was a part of the Olympic Games Knowledge Management (OGKM) program by the IOC. According to the strategy, the capacity of the regional energy network will increase by two and a half times by 2014, guaranteeing stable power supply during and after the Games. Power demand of Sochi in the end of May 2009 was 424 MW. Power demand of the Olympic infrastructure is expected to be about 340 MW.
Earlier plans also include building combined cycle (steam and gas) power stations near the cities of Tuapse and Novorossiysk and construction of a cable-wire powerline, partially on the floor of the Black Sea.[9] [edit] TransportationThe transportation infrastructure, being prepared to support the Olympics, includes many roads, tunnels, bridges, interchanges, railroads, stations etc. in and around Sochi. The specialized railway, Sochi Light Metro will be constructed between Adler and Krasnaya Polyana to connect the Olympic Park, the airport and the venues in Krasnaya Polyana. The existing Tuapse-Adler railroad (102 km long) will be reconstructed, ensuring two tracks for the entire length to allow stable regional traffic and improve the bandwidth. Moreover, the railroad is expected to extend to the airport. Russian Railways is going to establish high-speed Moscow-Adler link and a new railroad (more than 60 km long) passing by the territory of Ukraine.[10] At the Sochi airport, a new terminal has been built and a 3.5 km runway extension is planned, possibly overlapping Mzymta river.[11] Backup airports will be built in Gelendzhik, Mineralnye Vody and Krasnodar by 2009.[12] At the Sochi sea port, a new offshore terminal will be constructed 1.5 km from the shore to allow docking for cruise ships with capacities of 3000 passengers. [13] The cargo terminal of the sea port is to be moved from the Sochi centre. Road ways will be detoured, some going around the construction site and others being cut off.[14] In May 2009 Russian Railways started the construction of tunnel complex No.1 (the total will be six) on the combined road (automobile and railway) from Adler to Alpica Service Mountain Resort in Krasnaya Polyana region. The tunnel complex No.1 is located near Akhshtyr settlement in Adlersky City District, and includes:[15]
Russian Railways president Vladimir Yakunin said the road construction will cost more than 200 billion rubles. [edit] Other infrastructureFunds will be spent on construction of 15 modern sport venues and some hotels for 10,300 guests.[16] The first of the Olympic hotels, «Zvezdny» (Stellar), will be rebuilt anew.[17] «Federation» island will be built in the sea near the Lesser Akhun subdistrict of Khostinsky City District. The island will be shaped like the Russian Federation. It will hold hotels and offices.[18][19] Significant funds are to be spent on construction of advanced sewage treatment system in Sochi, being designed by Olimpstroy. The system meets BREF standards and employs top available technologies for environment protection, including tertiary treatment with microfiltration.[20] [edit] Logo and mascotAlong with 2008 Russian presidential election, on March 2, 2008 there was an unofficial referendum held in Sochi to elect the mascot for the 2014 Winter Olympics. 270,000 voters along with their ballots received a coupon with four mascot candidates: Ded Moroz, a snowflake, a polar bear and a dolphin. According to a representative of Sochi city administration, the majority of Sochians voted for the dolphin.[21] However, representatives of the Sochi Organizing Committee for the Games, which is to officially elect a logo and a mascot, commented, that while respecting the opinion of Sochians, such a procedure is usually held later, the mascot is to be elected not earlier than 2011 and the logo in the middle of 2009. They also pointed out, that the final version of the mascot should be a consensus of opinions of all citizens of the country and the result of work by professional designers and market analysts.[22] New logo will be officially unveiled in upcoming days. [edit] Security
The Russian military has offered to provide the S-400 Triumf advanced surface-to-air missile system as part of the large-scale security measures during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.[23] South Ossetia armed conflict which occurred in 2008, have sparked concerns regarding the preparations for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, which is located close to the disputed region of Abkhazia.[24][25] In the aftermath of the war, the Georgian National Olympic Committee asked, in November 2008, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to reconsider its decision to hold the Olympics on the territory “adjacent both to the [Russian-] occupied Abkhaz conflict zone, and to the extremely unstable and volatile North Caucasus”.[26] The IOC responded that ensuring security at the Sochi Olympics was up to Russian organizers,[27] and rejected this Georgia's request.[28] [edit] FinancingAccording to Sochi 2014 Olympic Organizing Commettee President and CEO Dmitry Chernyshenko, the successful partnership and commercial programs will allow to use funds generated by Sochi 2014 for the 2009-2010 development period, postponing the need for the state funds guaranteed by the Russian Government. He confirmed that the Organizing Committee has successfully generated more than $500 million through the marketing program in the first five months of 2009.[29]
Russia will provide nearly 327 billion rubles (approximately US$ 9 billion) for the total development, expansion and hosting of the Games. 192.4 billion rubles must come from the Federal budget and 7.1 billion rubles — from Krasnodar Krai budget and from Sochi budget. The following funds have been approved within the Federal budget for the development of Sochi:[30]
Financing from non-budget sources (including private investor funds) is distributed as follows:[31]
[edit] CalendarA calendar of events was submitted as part of Sochi's bid. The calendar is subject to change, and does not include any events that have been or may be added to the programme (such as skicross) after the proposed calendar was created.
[edit] Criticism[edit] EnvironmentDespite several expert statements[32][33] that the construction of Olympic venues in the buffer area of the UNESCO protected Caucasus Biosphere Reserve and Sochi National Park could be harmful, the IOC approved the plans. Greenpeace of Russia said that the IOC and the Russian Government assume all responsibility for any damage to the West Caucasus natural UNESCO World Heritage Site. According to the Sochi bid, an array of construction is planned in the Grushevyi Ridge area. These include a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Mzymta River, sewage treatment facilities, a high-speed railroad line, a Mountain Olympic Village, a track for luge and bobsleigh (which is now being relocated), and a biathlon venue. Alpine skiing venues are being constructed in the Rosa Khutor plateau and the Psekhako Ridge area. Environmentalists propose building up Krasnaya Polyana instead of destroying nature reserve sites. Plans for construction of Olympic venues have been criticized by environmentalists as an opportunity to re-zone and partition the Sochi National Park, to allow sale of land to the private sector for development.[citation needed] Environmentalists also oppose the plan of construction of a cargo terminal for ships in the mouth of the Psou River in the Imereti Lowland, because this could lead to the destruction of the largest areas of sea-flooded shore and marshes.[34] On July 3, 2008, Vladimir Putin directed some of the Olympic venues, such as the luge and bobsleigh track, to be relocated. He said "In setting our priorities and choosing between money and the environment, we're choosing the environment."[35][36][37] [edit] EconomyAccording to IRN.Ru analytical agency, prices for land, located next to the shoreline, reach $150,000 per 100 m²,[38] while price per square metre in average panel apartment building on the outskirts of the city already reaches $2000. "As a result of 2014 Olympics euphoria prices will rise annually by 15-20%," speculates Irina Tyurina, press secretary of Russian Tourist Industry Union. This could lead to decrease in tourist interest to Sochi, which already has fallen below Anapa, Gelendzhik and Adler.[16] After the IOC Evaluation Commission visited Sochi in February 2007, local authorities promised to buy the lands from Lower Imereti Bay long-time residents for a fair market price. But during the following half a year, no local resident could get his land approved as private property.[33] [edit] CircassiansCircassian organisations in the North Caucasus have also spoken out against the Olympics, pointing out that the games will take place on the land that had been inhabited by their ancestors until the 1860s, when the Russian-Circassian War, which they claim to have been a genocide, forced hundreds of thousands of Circassians to move to the Ottoman Empire. The moderate groups have not expressed outright opposition to the Olympics but argue that symbols of Circassian history and culture should be included in the format, as Australia did with its indigenous population in 2000.[39] [edit] Broadcast Rights
[edit] See also[edit] References
[edit] External links
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